Artificial intelligence is reshaping what leaders must judge, explain, learn, and coordinate, yet existing scales fail to capture these nuanced behaviors. To address this gap, the researchers created the AI Leadership Battery, organizing 36 behaviorally specific sub‑dimensions into 11 theory‑driven content families.
Scale development followed established procedures: deductive item generation ensured each item matched a clear behavioral definition; content validation tested definitional correspondence and distinctiveness; exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reduced items and clarified factor structure; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on independent samples verified the multidimensional architecture; finally, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion‑related validity, and incremental validity were assessed.
Across all development and validation phases, the Battery demonstrated strong content coverage, a clear multidimensional structure, reliable internal consistency, and clear separation from related constructs. Incremental validity tests showed that the Battery added explanatory power for organizational growth speed, decision‑making speed, customer/stakeholder response capability, AI‑enabled team performance, AI‑enabled work experience, AI security and risk management, and AI adoption and integration.
The resulting instrument offers researchers a behavioral framework to systematically examine how leaders in AI‑enabled contexts regulate judgment, learning, adaptation, transparency, and accountability.
Review: This battery fills a critical measurement gap for AI‑era leadership, providing a robust tool for empirical studies and actionable guidance for practitioners.